DIRECT - INDIRECT (Reported Speech)

Ketika kita merubah kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, ada beberapa hal yang mengalami perubahan diantaranya perubahan tenses, struktur kalimat, pronoun (kata ganti orang), Possessive (kata ganti kepemilikan), keterangan waktu, dan tempat.

Perubahan pronoun dan possessive tergantung kepada subjek dan objek yang dipakai di kalimat langsung/ tidak langsung.

Jika kalimat langsung adalah kalimat tanya maka ketika kalimat itu diulang (kalimat tidak langsung) tidak membentuk kata tanya lagi tetapi menjadi kalimat berita. Kata penghubungnya adalah if/ whether dan what, why, where, when, who, how. Begitu pula jika kalimat langsung adalah kalimat perintah maka di kalimat tidak langsung menjadi kalimat berita. Kata penghubungnya adalah (+) to infinitive/ V1, (-) not to infinitive/V1

Tense Changes When Using Reported Speech

Normally, the tense in reported speech is one tense back in time from the tense in direct speech:

She said, "I am tired."   She said that she was tired.

The changes are shown below:

Simple present		Simple past
"I always drink coffee", she said		She said that she always drank coffee.
Present continuous		Past continuous
"I am reading a book", he explained.		He explained that he was reading a book
Simple past		Past perfect
"Bill arrived on Saturday", he said.		He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday
Present perfect		Past perfect
"I have been to Spain", he told me.		He told me that he had been to Spain
Past perfect		Past perfect
"I had just turned out the light," he explained.		He explained that he had just turned out the light.
Present perfect continuous		Past perfect continuous
They complained, "We have beenwaiting for hours".		They complained that they had been waiting for hours.
Past continuous		Past perfect continuous
"We were living in Paris", they told me.		They told me that they had been living in Paris.
Future		Present conditional
"I will be in Geneva on Monday", he said		He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday.
Future continuous		Conditional continuous
She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday".		She said that she would be usingthe car next Friday.

NOTE:

1.    You do not need to change the tense if the reporting verb is in the present, or if the original statement was about something that is still true, e.g.

·         He says he has missed the train but he'll catch the next one.

·         We explained that it is very difficult to find our house.

2.    These modal verbs do not change in reported speech: might, could, would, should, ought to, e.g.

·         We explained that it could be difficult to find our house.

·         She said that she might bring a friend to the party

Time/place references change when using reported speech

Today		that day
"I saw him today", she said.		She said that she had seen him that day.
Yesterday		the day before
"I saw him yesterday", she said.		She said that she had seen him the day before.
The day before yesterday		two days before
"I met her the day before yesterday", he said.		He said that he had met her two days before.
Tomorrow		the next/following day
"I'll see you tomorrow", he said		He said that he would see me the next day.
The day after tomorrow		in two days time/ two days later
"We'll come the day after tomorrow", they said.		They said that they would come in two days time/ two days later.
Next week/month/year		the following week/month/year
"I have an appointment next week", she said.		She said that she had an appointment the following week.
Last week/month/year		the previous/week/month/year
"I was on holiday last week", he told us.		He told us that he had been on holiday the previous week.
ago		before
"I saw her a week ago," he said.		He said he had seen her a week before.
this (for time)		that
"I'm getting a new car this week", she said.		She said she was getting a new car that week.
this/that (adjectives)		the
"Do you like this shirt?" he asked		He asked if I liked the shirt.
here		there
He said, "I live here".		He told me he lived there.

 

Other changes:

In general, personal pronouns change to the third person singular or plural, except when the speaker reports his own words:

·         I/me/my/mine, you/your/yours   him/his/her/hers

·         we/us/our/ours, you/your/yours   they/their/theirs:

 Examples:

·         He said: "I like your new car."   He told her that he liked her new car.

·         I said: "I'm going to my friend's house."   I said that I was going to my friend's house.

Indirect speech Interrogative

There are two formats in making interrogative indirect speech.

a.      Yes/no question (kalimat tanya yang bisa dijawab dengan Yes atau No). For this form we must add conjunction “If” or ” Whether”.

Direct speech	Indirect speech
Dani asked me, “Do you know me”	Dani asked me if I knew him.
Dany asked me, “Are you ill”	Dani asked me if I were ill
Dany asked me, “Can you help me”	Dani asked me whether I could help him

b.      Pronominal question ( kalimat tanya yang mengunakan kata tanya – Wh-questions)

For this form we use the Wh question as conjunction.

Direct speech	Indirect speech
Dani asked me, “Where do you live”	Dani asked me where I  lived
Dany asked me, “Who is he”	Dani asked me Who he was
Dany asked me, “When will you arrive”	Dani asked me when I would arrive
Dany asked me, “Why did Ani go out”	Dani asked me why Ani went out
Dany asked me, “How old are you”	Dani asked me How old I was

Indirect speech orders

Direct speech	Indirect speech
The doctor said to me, "Stop smoking!"	The doctor told me to stop smoking
"Get out of the car!" said the policeman	The policeman ordered him to get out of the car
"Could you please be quiet," she said	She asked me to be quiet
The man with the gun said to us, "Don't move!"	The man with the gun warned us not to move
He said to me, “Don’t go away!”	He told me not to go away